Read first about the nephron ( paragraph 1 of Chapter 25 ). Regulation of renal water excretion, and 9. The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone cascade, 7. Total body water is destributed between two compartments separated by the cell membrane: The intracellular and the extracellular fluid.Radioactivity is measured as the number of radioactive disintegrations per s (in Becquerel or Bq per l).Oxidation water or metabolic water (oxidative phosphorylation) refers to the daily water production by combustion of food - normally 300-400 g of water daily in an adult.Overhydration refers to a clinical condition with an abnormal increase in total body water resulting in an increased ECV and thus salt accumulation.Plasma osmolality is normally maintained constant by the antidiuretic hormone feedback system. Water occupies 93-94% of plasma in healthy persons. Plasma-osmolality is given in Osmol per kg of water. Osmolality is a measure of the osmotic active particles in one kg of water.Oedema refers to a clinical condition with an abnormal accumulation of tissue fluid or interstitial fluid.Hyponatraemia refers to a clinical condition with plasma- below 135 mM. Hypernatraemia refers to a clinical condition with plasma- above 145 mM.Hypokalaemia refers to a clinical condition with plasma- below 3.5 mM.Hyperkalaemia refers to a clinical condition with plasma- above 5 mM (mmol/l of plasma).Interstitial fluid (ISF) is the tissue fluid between the cells in the extravascular space. The ECV contains the remaining water (14-16 kg) with most of the water in tissue fluid (ISF) and about 3 kg of water in plasma. Extracellular fluid volume (ECV) refers to the interstitial and the plasma volume.One litre of water equals one kg of water. This volume normally contains 26-28 litre (l) out of the total 42 l of water in a 70-kg person. Intracellular fluid volume (ICV) refers to the volume of fluid inside all cells.Dextrans are polysaccharides of high molecular weight.Dehydration is a clinical condition with an abnormal reduction of one or more of the major fluid compartments (ie, total body water with shrinkage of blood volume or ISF).Concentration: The concentration of a solute is the amount of solute in a given fluid volume.The principle is here used to measure physiological fluid compartments and the body content of ions. The law of conservation of matter states that mass or energy can neither be created nor destroyed (the principle of mass balance).To apply and use the above concepts in problem solving and in case histories.To explain disorders with increased or reduced extracellular fluid volume and shock. To explain the influence of age, sex and weight on the size of the total body water and its phases.To draw models of the body fluid compartments.To describe the osmotic pressure in the body fluids, the measurement of fluid compartments by indicator dilution, the measurement of total body-K + and -Na + and the related dynamic pools. To describe the daily water balance, the K +- and Na +-balance, sweat secretion, the ionic composition in blood plasma, the water content of fat- and muscle- tissue and the daily water transfer across the gastro-intestinal mucosa.To define the concepts: Dehydration, hyponatraemia, intracellular fluid volume (ICV), extracellular fluid volume (ECV), interstitial fluid (ISF), overhydration, oxidation water, radioactivity, specific activity, and total body water.Sexual satisfaction, reproduction and disorders The hypothalamo-pituitary system and ectopic hormones Thermoregulation, temperature and disorders Metabolism and Gastrointestinal Function*.There.Textbook in Medical Physiology And PathophysiologyĬhapter 24 Body fluids and their regulation read more, or hyperkalemia Hyperkalemia Hyperkalemia is a serum potassium concentration > 5.5 mEq/L (> 5.5 mmol/L), usually resulting from decreased renal potassium excretion or abnormal movement of potassium out of cells. ECF volume expansion typically occurs in heart failure, kidney failure, nephrotic syndrome, and cirrhosis. read more, severe salt restriction, chronic overhydration Volume Overload Volume overload generally refers to expansion of the extracellular fluid (ECF) volume. Principal causes include hyperparathyroidism. read more, certain kidney disorders, hypercalcemia Hypercalcemia Hypercalcemia is a total serum calcium concentration > 10.4 mg/dL (> 2.60 mmol/L) or ionized serum calcium > 5.2 mg/dL (> 1.30 mmol/L). People with diabetes insipidus Arginine Vasopressin Deficiency (Central Diabetes Insipidus) Arginine vasopressin deficiency (central diabetes insipidus) results from a deficiency of vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone ) due to a hypothalamic-pituitary disorder.
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